Analysis on the Influence of Broussonetia Papyrifera Technology on the Properties of Ink

王哲

周文华;刘铮峰

硕士

北京印刷学院

手工纸;;造纸工艺;;楮皮纸;;接触角;;润墨性

构树在中国分布广泛、材料易于获得,在造纸初期就被选作原材料用来制作纸张。自汉朝以来构树皮普遍被用来造纸,制作而成的纸称为“楮纸”。从古至今,楮纸在中国的应用十分广泛,精良的常被用来颁布官府的告示和书写公文,粗糙的被用于祭祀类使用和包裹物品。在今日,楮皮纸仍然是我国重要的书画用纸之一。目前出土的许多纸质文物都是以楮皮为材料,因此探索其性能可为纸质文物的鉴定和修复提供参考。本文通过文献调研和实验分析相结合,首先,以历史时间轴为主线,梳理楮皮纸的发展脉络,总结各个时期对楮皮纸发展的推动因素以及流传至今的原因。其次,从造纸原理角度出发,以制浆、造纸两个部分来说明传统手工楮皮纸造纸工艺和现代工艺的差别,对比成纸后纸张性能差异。再之,本文选取了三种不同定量、匀度较好的楮皮纸,测定了每种纸张的定量、白度、耐折度、紧度及抗张强度等重要性能参数,比较定量不同的楮皮纸性能变化,并推测定量、厚度和紧度不同时,纸张的耐折度和抗张强度的差异。最后,采用不同浓度的墨汁测试三种纸样的接触角和润墨性能,探索手工纸润墨性能的表征方式,为后续研究提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)楮皮纸因其原料来源广泛,成纸洁白光滑,纸质柔软等特点,深受皇家和文人墨客的喜爱,魏晋南北朝时期得以快速发展,宋元时期达到顶峰,直到清朝末期西方机制纸大量涌入,逐渐走向衰亡。但因其耐久性强、润墨性能好等特点在书画领域仍备受重视。又加之国家对非物质文化遗产的保护,因此楮皮纸及其工艺才得以续存、流传至今。(2)从造纸原理角度来看,传统手工造纸与现代手工造纸没有太大变化,总体分为制浆和造纸两个阶段。科技的发展导致了造纸工序的改变,由人力、畜力、水力等驱动方式被现代的机械驱动所取代;多次弱碱蒸煮和天然漂白,被现代强碱一次蒸煮和化学漂白所替代,成纸后耐久性降低。(3)随着定量的增加,三种楮皮纸的纸张厚度呈无规则变化,可能与其紧度有关。紧度越大,单位面积内值质量越大,吸水性能越弱,不透明度越大,耐折度和抗张强度与随之增大。打浆度程度越好,则耐折度和抗张强度越大。(4)三种样品的润湿性能总体来说都趋向于被浸润状态,水滴在接触到纸面时瞬间被吸收,润湿性能都较为良好。润墨性能在墨汁为原浓度时,墨迹扩散较小,边缘层次清晰。而水墨配比为1:1后,润墨性能变化更趋近于其润湿性能,墨迹扩散较快,面积有明显增加,边缘有锯齿状。

Broussonetia papyrifera is widely distributed in China and its materials are easy to obtain.In the early days of papermaking,it was selected as raw materials to make paper.Since Han Dynasty,Broussonetia papyrifera has been widely used in papermaking,and the paper made from it is called "paper".Since ancient times,the paper has been widely used in China.The excellent paper is often used to issue official notices and write official documents,while the rough paper is used for sacrificial use and wrapping items.Today,the paper is still one of the most important painting and calligraphy paper in China.At present,many paper-based cultural relics unearthed are made of papyrus,so exploring its properties can provide reference for the identification and restoration of paper-based cultural relics.Based on the combination of literature research and experimental analysis,first of all,with the historical timeline as the main line,this paper combs the development context of the paper,summarizes the driving factors of the development of the paper in various periods and the reasons why it has been spread so far.Secondly,from the point of view of paper-making principle,the paper-making and papermaking are two parts to explain the difference between traditional manual paper-making process and modern process,and to compare the paper performance differences after paper-making.In addition,three kinds of paper with different quantitative and uniformity were selected to measure the quantitative,whiteness,folding resistance,tightness and tensile strength of each paper,and to compare the performance changes of paper with different quantitative,thickness and tightness,and to speculate the differences of folding resistance and tensile strength of paper with different quantitative,thickness and tightness.Finally,the contact angle and ink moistening performance of three kinds of paper samples were tested with different concentrations of ink,and the characterization of ink moistening performance of hand-made paper was explored to provide reference for subsequent research.The results showed that:(1)because of its wide source of raw materials,white and smooth paper,soft paper,it was loved by the royal family and literati.It developed rapidly in the Wei,Jin,southern and Northern Dynasties.It reached its peak in the song and Yuan Dynasties.Until the end of the Qing Dynasty,a large number of Western machine-made paper flowed in and gradually declined.However,due to its strong durability and good ink moistening performance,it is still attached great importance in the field of painting and calligraphy.In addition to the protection of intangible cultural heritage by the state,the paper and its craft can be continued and spread to this day.(2)From the point of view of papermaking principle,there is not much change between traditional and modern manual papermaking,which is generally divided into two stages: pulping and papermaking.The development of science and technology has led to the change of paper-making process,which is driven by human power,animal power,water power,etc.instead of modern mechanical drive;multiple times of weak alkali cooking and natural bleaching are replaced by modern strong alkali one-time cooking and chemical bleaching,and the durability of paper is reduced after it is finished.(3)With the increase of the content,the paper thickness of the three kinds of paper is irregular,which may be related to its compactness.The greater the compactness,the greater the mass per unit area,the weaker the water absorption,the greater the opacity,the greater the flexural strength and tensile strength.The better beating degree is,the greater bending resistance and tensile strength are.(4)The wettability of the three samples tends to be wetted generally,and the water droplets are absorbed instantly when they contact the paper surface,so the wettability is better.When the ink concentration is the original,the ink diffusion is small and the edge layer is clear.When the ratio of ink to ink is 1:1,the change of moistening performance is more similar to its moistening performance.